October 3 - Institute of Medicine foreign associate Barry J. Marshall shares the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with J. Robin Warren for their work on the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. Their research established that Helicobacter pylori causes more than 90 percent of duodenal ulcers and up to 80 percent of gastric ulcers, rather than stress and lifestyle as was previously believed.